Carla Bruni
Singer-songwriter and model; First Lady of France 2008 to 2012
"A deliberate Capricorn composure anchors a public life bridging high fashion, songwriting, and state diplomacy."
The life of Carla Bruni
Who is Carla Bruni?
Carla Bruni-Sarkozy, born Carla Gilberta Bruni Tedeschi, is an Italian and French singer, songwriter and fashion model. She served as First Lady of France from 2008, when she married the then president Nicolas Sarkozy, until 2012. Born in Italy, she moved to France at the age of seven and modelled from 1987 to 1997 before turning to music.
Defining moments
Carla Bruni's child Giulia Sarkozy is born
Sixty days after the birth, Uranus square Sun marked an intense power window of radical identity shifts and personal reinvention.
The Birth in the timeline ↓Carla Bruni and Nicolas Sarkozy marry
Pluto met the Sun 105 days after the wedding, marking a high-stakes power window that deepened the public transformation of her new role as France's first lady.
The Marriage in the timeline ↓Carla Bruni and Raphaël Enthoven divorce
The Divorce in the timeline ↓Carla Bruni and Raphaël Enthoven end their relationship
The Separation in the timeline ↓Carla Bruni and Raphaël Enthoven begin a relationship
The Partnership in the timeline ↓Carla Bruni's birth chart
☾ Born Dec 23, 1967 · time unknown · Turin · The rising sign is not shown because this birth time is not recorded to the minute. · Birth data: X · See sources
1 placement that explains this chart
Balancing the structural control of heavy Earth with an out-of-bounds Mercury, Carla Bruni navigated runways, intimate acoustic recording, and the Élysée Palace with disciplined poise.
Sun in Capricorn sits at the core of her chart, reflecting the architectural discipline she applied across runway modeling, acoustic music, and diplomatic responsibilities.
How Carla Bruni's chart holds together
Twelve systems read the same birth chart twelve different ways. Match your chart to see how yours lines up with Carla Bruni's.
Elements and modalities
Earth-led and mutable by a slight margin.
Elements × modalities
| Cardinal | Fixed | Mutable | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 🜂 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 |
| 🜃 | 1 | 0 | 4 | 5 |
| 🜁 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 🜄 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| Total | 2 | 3 | 5 | 10 |
Elements
Modalities
Quadrant emphasis is not shown because house positions need a birth time recorded to the minute.
Chart patterns that stand out
Angle-based patterns are not shown because this birth time is not recorded to the minute.
Mercury & Jupiter in mutual reception: each at home in the other's sign
See celebrities with this pattern →Sun, Moon, Jupiter, Uranus & Pluto loading up one element
See celebrities with this pattern →Mercury out-of-bounds: operating outside its usual rules
See celebrities with this pattern →Frequencies are measured against the profile corpus, not asserted.
Twelve systems read Carla Bruni's chart
the full reading
13 placements in the chart signature →Natal Chart
placidus houses
Full natal readingCollapse
Exact planetary positions
● Sun, Moon or chart ruler · ℞ retrograde
| Body | Position | Motion | Theme | Sabian |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Saturn | ♈︎ Aries 5°49' | - | — | Objectivity |
| North node | ♈︎ Aries 25°26' | ℞ | — | Abundance |
| Lilith | ♉︎ Taurus 10°10' | - | — | Nurture |
| Jupiter | ♍︎ Virgo 5°50' | ℞ | — | Amusement |
| Moon | ♍︎ Virgo 14°55' | - | — | Delicacy |
| Pluto | ♍︎ Virgo 22°52' | - | — | Mastery |
| Uranus | ♍︎ Virgo 29°09' | - | — | Focus |
| Venus | ♏︎ Scorpio 18°25' | - | — | Transmission |
| Neptune | ♏︎ Scorpio 25°22' | - | — | Adaptation |
| Mercury | ♐︎ Sagittarius 27°24' | - | — | Permanence |
| Sun | ♑︎ Capricorn 0°40' | - | — | Authority |
| Mars | ♒︎ Aquarius 16°35' | - | — | Vigilance |
| Chiron | ♓︎ Pisces 25°25' | - | — | Inception |
| South node | ♎︎ Libra 25°26' | - | — | — |
Full aspects · 30
Chart patterns
House system: placidus · Birth time: estimated · Angles not used
Transits
Lifetime cosmic weather & power windows
Birth time unknown: the transits below are Sun and planet-to-planet only, never Ascendant, Midheaven, house, or Moon placements.
Mick Jagger and Carla Bruni begin a relationship
Wikidata P451 claim on Q128121, P580 start time qualifier at year precision.
Personal year 1 · Pinnacle 8
Carla Bruni's read
1 passage in force · Pluto conjunction Venus
Carla Bruni's chart on the start of a partnership, 1991Collapse
Jul 5Jan 1Jun 30Jul 5, 1990 – Jun 30, 1991 · 360 days
Birth time estimated · Sun, Mercury, Venus and Mars contacts only
- Pluto conjunction Venusslow
Moon, Ascendant and Midheaven contacts are not shown for Carla Bruni, and no house is named — those depend on a birth time recorded to the minute, and this one is an estimate.
Mick Jagger's read
7 passages in force · Neptune trine Mars · Saturn trine Moon · Neptune trine Venus · Chiron sextile Moon · Jupiter sextile Ascendant · Jupiter conjunction Mercury · Jupiter square Mars
Mick Jagger's chart on the start of a partnership, 1991Collapse
Jul 5Jan 1Jun 30Jul 5, 1990 – Jun 30, 1991 · 360 days
Birth time recorded to the minute · all contacts shown
- Neptune trine Marsslow
- Saturn trine Moonslow
- Neptune trine Venusslow
- Chiron sextile Moonslow
- Jupiter sextile Ascendantfast
- Jupiter conjunction Mercuryfast
- Jupiter square Marsfast
Mick Jagger and Carla Bruni end their relationship
Wikidata P451 claim on Q128121, P582 end time qualifier at year precision.
Personal year 4 · Pinnacle 8
Carla Bruni's read
1 passage in force · Saturn sextile Mercury
Carla Bruni's chart on the day of the separation, 1994Collapse
Dec 2Jan 1Jan 31Dec 2, 1993 – Jan 31, 1994 · 60 days
Birth time estimated · Sun, Mercury, Venus and Mars contacts only
- Saturn sextile Mercuryslow
Moon, Ascendant and Midheaven contacts are not shown for Carla Bruni, and no house is named — those depend on a birth time recorded to the minute, and this one is an estimate.
Mick Jagger's read
4 passages in force · Jupiter square Midheaven · Jupiter opposition Mars · Jupiter square Mercury · North Node trine Sun
Mick Jagger's chart on the day of the separation, 1994Collapse
Dec 2Jan 1Jan 31Dec 2, 1993 – Jan 31, 1994 · 60 days
Birth time recorded to the minute · all contacts shown
- Jupiter square Midheavenfast
- Jupiter opposition Marsfast
- Jupiter square Mercuryfast
- North Node trine Sunfast
- 6 QUIET YEARS
Carla Bruni and Raphaël Enthoven marry
Wikidata P26 claim on Q143945, P580 start time qualifier at year precision.
Personal year 1 · Pinnacle 8
1 passage in force · Uranus conjunction Mars
Carla Bruni's chart on the wedding day, 2000Collapse
Nov 29Jan 1Feb 3Nov 29, 1999 – Feb 3, 2000 · 66 days
Birth time estimated · Sun, Mercury, Venus and Mars contacts only
- Uranus conjunction Marsslow
Moon, Ascendant and Midheaven contacts are not shown for Carla Bruni, and no house is named — those depend on a birth time recorded to the minute, and this one is an estimate.
Carla Bruni and Raphaël Enthoven begin a relationship
Personal year 1 · Pinnacle 8
2 passages in force · Uranus square Venus · Uranus conjunction Mars
Carla Bruni's chart on the start of a partnership, 2000Collapse
Mar 6Aug 1Dec 27Mar 6 – Dec 27, 2000 · 296 days
Birth time estimated · Sun, Mercury, Venus and Mars contacts only
- Uranus square Venusslow
- Uranus conjunction Marsslow
Moon, Ascendant and Midheaven contacts are not shown for Carla Bruni, and no house is named — those depend on a birth time recorded to the minute, and this one is an estimate.
Carla Bruni's child Aurélien Enthoven is born
Personal year 11 · Pinnacle 1
Editorial note · Jupiter opposition Mercury
Eleven days after her son's birth, Jupiter opposing Mercury mirrored a joyful surge in new perspectives, conversations, and maternal reflections.
Carla Bruni's chart on the day of a birth, 2001Collapse
Feb 22Jun 20Oct 16Feb 22 – Oct 16, 2001 · 236 days
Birth time estimated · Sun, Mercury, Venus and Mars contacts only
- Chiron conjunction Mercuryslow
- Jupiter opposition Mercuryfast
Moon, Ascendant and Midheaven contacts are not shown for Carla Bruni, and no house is named — those depend on a birth time recorded to the minute, and this one is an estimate.
Victoires de la musique 2004
Personal year 5 · Pinnacle 1
Editorial note · Neptune conjunction Mars
Neptune conjoined Mars 80 days after the win, marking a later period where the energetic momentum of the award dissolved into more subtle creative channels.
Carla Bruni's chart on award day, 2004Collapse
Dec 10Feb 28May 18Dec 10, 2003 – May 18, 2004 · 160 days
Birth time estimated · Sun, Mercury, Venus and Mars contacts only
- Neptune conjunction Marsslow
Moon, Ascendant and Midheaven contacts are not shown for Carla Bruni, and no house is named — those depend on a birth time recorded to the minute, and this one is an estimate.
Carla Bruni and Raphaël Enthoven divorce
Wikidata P26 claim on Q143945, P582 end time qualifier at year precision.
Personal year 8 · Pinnacle 1
4 passages in force · Neptune square Venus · Pluto conjunction Mercury · Neptune conjunction Mars · North Node trine Venus
Carla Bruni's chart on the day of the divorce, 2007Collapse
Jul 5Jan 1Jun 30Jul 5, 2006 – Jun 30, 2007 · 360 days
Birth time estimated · Sun, Mercury, Venus and Mars contacts only
- Neptune square Venusslow
- Pluto conjunction Mercuryslow
- Neptune conjunction Marsslow
- North Node trine Venusfast
Moon, Ascendant and Midheaven contacts are not shown for Carla Bruni, and no house is named — those depend on a birth time recorded to the minute, and this one is an estimate.
Carla Bruni and Raphaël Enthoven end their relationship
Wikidata P451 claim on Q143945, P582 end time qualifier at year precision.
Personal year 8 · Pinnacle 1
4 passages in force · Neptune square Venus · Pluto conjunction Mercury · Neptune conjunction Mars · North Node trine Venus
Carla Bruni's chart on the day of the separation, 2007Collapse
Jul 5Jan 1Jun 30Jul 5, 2006 – Jun 30, 2007 · 360 days
Birth time estimated · Sun, Mercury, Venus and Mars contacts only
- Neptune square Venusslow
- Pluto conjunction Mercuryslow
- Neptune conjunction Marsslow
- North Node trine Venusfast
Moon, Ascendant and Midheaven contacts are not shown for Carla Bruni, and no house is named — those depend on a birth time recorded to the minute, and this one is an estimate.
Carla Bruni and Nicolas Sarkozy marry
Personal year 9 · Pinnacle 1
Editorial note · Pluto conjunction Sun
Pluto met the Sun 105 days after the wedding, marking a high-stakes power window that deepened the public transformation of her new role as France's first lady.
Carla Bruni's chart on the wedding day, 2008Collapse
Oct 20Feb 2May 17Oct 20, 2007 – May 17, 2008 · 210 days
Birth time estimated · Sun, Mercury, Venus and Mars contacts only
- Uranus trine Venusslow
- Pluto conjunction Sunslow
- Pluto conjunction Mercuryslow
- Chiron conjunction Marsslow
- Neptune square Venusslow
- North Node sextile Mercuryfast
Moon, Ascendant and Midheaven contacts are not shown for Carla Bruni, and no house is named — those depend on a birth time recorded to the minute, and this one is an estimate.
Carla Bruni becomes spouse of the President of France
Personal year 9 · Pinnacle 1
Editorial note · Neptune square Venus
Ninety-three days before she became First Lady, Neptune squaring Venus opened an enchanting power window that recast her public image through romantic devotion.
Carla Bruni's chart on the day the role began, 2008Collapse
Oct 20Feb 2May 17Oct 20, 2007 – May 17, 2008 · 210 days
Birth time estimated · Sun, Mercury, Venus and Mars contacts only
- Uranus trine Venusslow
- Pluto conjunction Sunslow
- Pluto conjunction Mercuryslow
- Chiron conjunction Marsslow
- Neptune square Venusslow
- North Node sextile Mercuryfast
Moon, Ascendant and Midheaven contacts are not shown for Carla Bruni, and no house is named — those depend on a birth time recorded to the minute, and this one is an estimate.
Carla Bruni's child Giulia Sarkozy is born
Personal year 3 · Pinnacle 9
Editorial note · Uranus square Sun
Sixty days after the birth, Uranus square Sun marked an intense power window of radical identity shifts and personal reinvention.
Carla Bruni's chart on the day of a birth, 2011Collapse
Aug 20Oct 19Dec 18Aug 20 – Dec 18, 2011 · 120 days
Birth time estimated · Sun, Mercury, Venus and Mars contacts only
- Uranus square Sunslow
- Chiron sextile Sunslow
- Neptune sextile Mercuryslow
- North Node sextile Marsfast
Moon, Ascendant and Midheaven contacts are not shown for Carla Bruni, and no house is named — those depend on a birth time recorded to the minute, and this one is an estimate.
Human Design
Sacral Generator with a 3/5 Profile
Her Sacral authority and 3/5 Profile govern an experiential path of trial, adaptation, and practical problem-solving.
The Right Angle Cross of The Vessel of Love
Full Human Design readingCollapse
Centers · 4 defined / 5 open
| Centre | State | What it governs |
|---|---|---|
| Head | Defined | — |
| Ajna | Defined | — |
| Throat | Open | — |
| G identity | Defined | — |
| Heart will | Open | — |
| Sacral | Defined | — |
| Solar plexus | Open | — |
| Spleen | Open | — |
| Root | Open | — |
Chart properties
Signature
When the strategy is working
—
Not-self theme
When it isn't
—
Personality activations · 13
| Planet | Gate.Line |
|---|---|
| ☉︎ Sun | 10.3 |
| · Earth | 15.3 |
| ☽︎ Moon | 64.4 |
| ☊ North node | 42.6 |
| ☋ South node | 32.6 |
| ☿︎ Mercury | 11.6 |
| ♀︎ Venus | 1.6 |
| ♂︎ Mars | 13.4 |
| ♃︎ Jupiter | 40.1 |
| ♄︎ Saturn | 17.3 |
| ♅︎ Uranus | 46.1 |
| ♆︎ Neptune | 14.1 |
| ♇︎ Pluto | 6.1 |
Design activations · 12
| Planet | Gate.Line |
|---|---|
| ☉︎ Sun | 46.5 |
| · Earth | 25.5 |
| ☽︎ Moon | 12.6 |
| ☊ North node | 3.2 |
| ☋ South node | 50.2 |
| ☿︎ Mercury | 32.5 |
| ♀︎ Venus | 29.5 |
| ♂︎ Mars | 9.6 |
| ♄︎ Saturn | 21.1 |
| ♅︎ Uranus | 6.3 |
| ♆︎ Neptune | 43.4 |
| ♇︎ Pluto | 47.5 |
Defined channels · 2
Centres and channels derive from the combined design (88° solar arc pre-birth) and personality (natal) gate set; lines come from planetary longitude.
Gene Keys
Gene Key 10 Life's Work
Moving from the Shadow of Self-Obsession to the Gift of Naturalness, her primary theme centers on effortless self-expression.
Full Gene Keys readingCollapse
Hologenetic Profile
Activation Sequence
| Sphere | Key | Shadow → Gift → Siddhi |
|---|---|---|
| Life's Work | Gene Key 10 Conscious Sun | |
| Evolution | Gene Key 15 Conscious Earth | |
| Radiance | Gene Key 46 Unconscious Sun | |
| Purpose | Gene Key 25 Unconscious Earth |
Venus Sequence
| Sphere | Key | Shadow → Gift → Siddhi |
|---|---|---|
| Attraction | Gene Key 12 | |
| IQ | Gene Key 1 | |
| EQ | Gene Key 13 | |
| SQ | Gene Key 29 |
Pearl Sequence
| Sphere | Key | Shadow → Gift → Siddhi |
|---|---|---|
| Vocation | Gene Key 9 | |
| Culture | Gene Key 29 | |
| Pearl | Gene Key 40 |
Rings, codons & partners
Gene Keys derive from the same combined design (88 days pre-birth) and personality (natal) gate set as Human Design, read through the shadow → gift → siddhi spectrum rather than defined/undefined centres.
Vedic Nakshatras
purva_phalguni Moon nakshatra
Full Vedic readingCollapse
Nakshatra placements · 14
● shown in snapshot · scrolls →
| Body | Nakshatra | Pada | Sidereal | Ruler | Deity | Animal |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| North node | Ashwini | 1 | Aries 2° | Ketu | Ashwini Kumaras | Male Horse |
| Lilith | Bharani | 2 | Aries 16° | Venus | Yama | Male Elephant |
| Jupiter | Magha | 4 | Leo 12° | Ketu | Pitris | Male Rat |
| Moon | Purva phalguni | 3 | Leo 21° | Venus | Bhaga | Female Rat |
| Pluto | Uttara phalguni | 1 | Leo 29° | Sun | Aryaman | Male Cow |
| Uranus | Uttara phalguni | 3 | Virgo 5° | Sun | Aryaman | Male Cow |
| Venus | Vishakha | 2 | Libra 25° | Jupiter | Indra-Agni | Male Tiger |
| Neptune | Vishakha | 4 | Scorpio 1° | Jupiter | Indra-Agni | Male Tiger |
| Ascendant | Anuradha | 2 | Scorpio 9° | Saturn | Mitra | Female Deer |
| Mercury | Mula | 2 | Sagittarius 3° | Ketu | Nirrti | Male Dog |
| Sun | Mula | 3 | Sagittarius 7° | Ketu | Nirrti | Male Dog |
| Mars | Shravana | 4 | Capricorn 23° | Moon | Vishnu | Female Monkey |
| Chiron | Purva bhadrapada | 4 | Pisces 1° | Jupiter | Aja Ekapada | Male Lion |
| Saturn | Uttara bhadrapada | 3 | Pisces 12° | Saturn | Ahir Budhnya | Female Cow |
Maha Dasha timeline · 9
| Ruler | Span | Flag |
|---|---|---|
| Venus | Dec 23, 1967 → Sep 17, 1975 | - |
| Sun | Sep 17, 1975 → Sep 17, 1981 | - |
| Moon | Sep 17, 1981 → Sep 17, 1991 | - |
| Mars | Sep 17, 1991 → Sep 17, 1998 | - |
| Rahu | Sep 17, 1998 → Sep 17, 2016 | - |
| Jupiter | Sep 17, 2016 → Sep 17, 2032 | Now |
| Saturn | Sep 17, 2032 → Sep 17, 2051 | - |
| Mercury | Sep 17, 2051 → Sep 17, 2068 | - |
| Ketu | Sep 17, 2068 → Sep 17, 2075 | - |
Antardashas within Jupiter
Sub-periods exist only for the running maha dasha; the other eight rows carry none by design, so they show none.
| Ruler | Span |
|---|---|
| Jupiter | Sep 17, 2016 → Nov 5, 2018 |
| Saturn | Nov 5, 2018 → May 18, 2021 |
| Mercury | May 18, 2021 → Aug 24, 2023 |
| Ketu | Aug 24, 2023 → Jul 30, 2024 |
| Venus | Jul 30, 2024 → Mar 31, 2027 |
| Sun | Mar 31, 2027 → Jan 17, 2028 |
| Moon | Jan 17, 2028 → May 18, 2029 |
| Mars | May 18, 2029 → Apr 24, 2030 |
| Rahu | Apr 24, 2030 → Sep 17, 2032 |
Ayanamsa: 23.4098 · Dasha system: Vimshottari
Mayan Tzolkin
Kin 123 · Yellow Seed · Rhythmic
Kan · Rhythmic tone
Full Mayan Tzolkin readingCollapse
Seal & tone
Oracle relations
Kin from birth date against the 260-day count, Dreamspell correlation · Seal = kin mod 20, tone = kin mod 13
Numerology
Life Path 4 Discipline
Life Path 4 emphasizes methodical structure, foundational security, and enduring perseverance across multiple career pivots.
Full Numerology readingCollapse
Core numbers
Chinese Zodiac
Fire Goat Aesthetic Drive
The Fire Goat combines artistic sensitivity with bold, assertive creative energy.
The hour pillar and secret animal need a recorded birth time, so they aren't shown.
Full Chinese Zodiac readingCollapse
| Pillar | Stem | Branch |
|---|---|---|
| Year | 丁 | 未 |
| Month | 壬 | 子 |
| Day | 辛 | 巳 |
Day master
辛 anchors this Four Pillars reading: the Day pillar's Heavenly Stem, and the one value here that never depends on a recorded birth time.
Inner animals
Year, month and day pillars need only the birth date.
Tarot Birth Cards
The Emperor
Full Tarot readingCollapse
The reduction
| Card | Title | Keywords | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| Personality & Soul | The Emperor | authority, structure, control, stability | Order imposed through discipline and leadership — the architecture that lets things last. |
Year card for 2026 · turns over 1 Jan 2027
Birth-date reduction against the 22 Major Arcana; year card recomputed for the current calendar year at each rebuild
Arabic Parts
Lots, formulas & sensitive points
Full Arabic Parts readingCollapse
Lots on the wheel
Lots · 8
Houses aren't shown for this chart because the birth time is estimated.
The body and worldly fortune; where material and emotional well-being converge. Reveals how you attract abundance and physical vitality.
The mind and spiritual purpose; the inverse of Fortune. Reveals conscious intent, vocation, and the soul's directional momentum.
Triumph through sustained effort; favorable outcomes earned by aligning ambition with discipline and structure.
Binding obligation and fated constraint; the circumstances that must be endured or worked through rather than chosen.
Reckoning and karmic consequence; the area of life where past choices return to be faced directly.
Desire, passion, and erotic magnetism; where attraction and creative drive merge. Reveals the nature of what you most deeply crave.
Partnership destiny and the nature of committed bonds; reveals the quality and karma of your most significant unions.
Boldness, daring, and the warrior spirit; where you find the nerve to act and the audacity to lead.
Sabian Symbols
Sun at 2 Capricorn Sabian Symbol
Her Sun symbol depicts authority claimed within a collective, mirroring her entrance into elite public spheres.
Sun · Capricorn 0°40'
An Indian chief claims power from the assembled tribe
Full Sabian readingCollapse
A square with one of its sides brightly illumined
"Objectivity"
A man possessed of more gifts than he can hold
"Abundance"
A woman watering flowers in her garden
"Nurture"
A merry-go-round
"Amusement"
A fine lace ornamental handkerchief
"Delicacy"
A lion tamer displays his skill and character
"Mastery"
Totally intent upon completing an immediate task a man is deaf to any allurement
"Focus"
A parrot listening and then talking, repeats a conversation he has overheard
"Transmission"
American Indians making camp after moving into a new territory
"Adaptation"
A little child learning to walk with the encouragement of his parents
"Development"
An old bridge over a beautiful stream is still in constant use
"Permanence"
An Indian chief claims power from the assembled tribe
"Authority"
A watchdog stands guard protecting his master and his possessions
"Vigilance"
Watching the very thin moon crescent appearing at sunset, different people realize that the time has come to go ahead with their different projects
"Inception"
Feng Shui
Kua 9
Favorable: East, Southeast, North, South
Full Feng Shui readingCollapse
Supportive directions
Directions to avoid
Eight Mansions (Ba Zhai) method · Kua number from birth year and gender
The Sage
Ask the Sage about Carla Bruni
The Sage reads every placement on this page in context. Ask what Carla Bruni's chart means, or bring your own.
Begin your journeyQuestions about Carla Bruni's birth chart
What is Carla Bruni's zodiac sign?
Carla Bruni's Sun sign is Capricorn.
When was Carla Bruni born?
Carla Bruni was born on Dec 23, 1967.
How reliable is this birth data?
This chart carries a Rodden rating of X: the standard scale astrologers use to grade how well-documented a birth time is. No birth time on record, so houses and the rising sign are not shown.
Also appears in
Pairs
Connected through shared moments
More famous Capricorns
/famous-capricorns →
Sources
Sources & further reading
Birth data
Photo: Remi Jouan / Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0) · CC-BY-SA