Stan Laurel's Birth Chart: Gemini Sun
Comedian and writer; Laurel and Hardy, The Music Box
"Stan Laurel possessed an agile comedic intellect that quietly engineered classic screen slapstick."
The life of Stan Laurel
Who was Stan Laurel?
English music hall comedian who wrote and shaped most of what Laurel and Hardy did on screen while taking none of the directing credit. He understudied Charlie Chaplin before either was famous, and kept writing gags for a partner who was no longer alive to perform them.
Stan Laurel's defining moments, and the transits behind them
Stan Laurel and Lois Neilson marry
Neptune formed an exact sextile to his Sun 209 days after the marriage, marking an idealistic period that deepened his romantic hopes within the new union.
The Marriage in the timeline ↓Stan Laurel and Lois Neilson divorce
Pluto conjoined Venus 244 days after the divorce, marking a period of intense emotional rebirth and deep relationship restructuring in its wake.
The Divorce in the timeline ↓Stan Laurel dies
Saturn squared Mercury 16 days before his death, marking a somber period of failing physical vitality and quiet mental retreat.
The Death in the timeline ↓Stan Laurel and Mae Dahlberg end their relationship
The Separation in the timeline ↓Stan Laurel and Mae Dahlberg begin a relationship
The Partnership in the timeline ↓Stan Laurel's birth chart
This is how a birth chart reads: the wheel plots Stan Laurel's placements at the moment of birth, and the three below anchor everything else on this page. Try it on your own chart to run the same read on a chart of your own.
☾ Born Jun 16, 1890 · time unknown · Ulverston · The rising sign is not shown because this birth time is not recorded to the minute.Birth data: XSee sources
1 placement that explains this chart
Anchored by a Gemini Sun conjunct the North Node and a close Mercury-Neptune conjunction, his chart reflects meticulous behind-the-scenes craft combined with whimsical pantomime.
Aligned with the North Node in Gemini, his Sun highlights a lifelong dedication to verbal wit, comic pacing, and collaborative screenwriting.
Elements, modalities and chart signature
Twelve systems read the same birth chart twelve different ways. Match your chart to see how yours lines up with Stan Laurel's.
This is what a whole chart looks like at once, before it breaks into individual placements: where the element and modality weight sits, and how the four quadrants divide.
Elements and modalities
Chart Signature
10 of 10 bodies mappedAir-led and mutable by a slight margin.
Elements × modalities
| Cardinal | Fixed | Mutable | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | |
| 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| 1 | 1 | 5 | 7 | |
| 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | |
| Total | 2 | 2 | 6 | 10 |
Elements
Modalities
Quadrant emphasis is not shown because house positions need a birth time recorded to the minute.
Some charts hold a recognizable shape across several placements at once. This is what a pattern reading looks like when one is present.
Chart patterns that stand out
Angle-based patterns are not shown because this birth time is not recorded to the minute.
A missing element: no planets carrying that element at all
See celebrities with this pattern →Sun, Moon, Mercury, Jupiter, Uranus, Neptune & Pluto loading up one element
See celebrities with this pattern →Frequencies are measured against the profile corpus, not asserted.
Stan Laurel in twelve systems: Human Design, Vedic, Gene Keys and more
the full reading
13 placements in the chart signature →The same birth data, read through each system in turn: this is what a full multi-system reading looks like on one chart.
Natal Chart
placidus houses
Natal Chart snapshot
Full natal readingCollapse
Exact planetary positions
● Sun, Moon or chart ruler · ℞ retrograde
| Body | Position | Motion | Theme | Sabian |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Neptune | ♊︎ Gemini 5°03' | -Direct | — | Exploration |
| Mercury | ♊︎ Gemini 5°14' | -Direct | — | Exploration |
| Pluto | ♊︎ Gemini 6°50' | -Direct | — | Depth |
| ● Moon | ♊︎ Gemini 11°51' | -Direct | — | Liberation |
| North node | ♊︎ Gemini 23°53' | -Direct | — | Play |
| ● Sun | ♊︎ Gemini 24°60' | -Direct | — | Maintenance |
| Chiron | ♋︎ Cancer 21°32' | -Direct | — | Expectation |
| Venus | ♋︎ Cancer 24°40' | -Direct | — | Illusion |
| Lilith | ♌︎ Leo 5°56' | -Direct | — | Contrast |
| Saturn | ♌︎ Leo 28°59' | -Direct | — | Metamorphosis |
| Uranus | ♎︎ Libra 22°41' | ℞ | — | Proclamation |
| Mars | ♐︎ Sagittarius 0°17' | ℞ | — | Reflection |
| Jupiter | ♒︎ Aquarius 11°45' | ℞ | — | Hierarchy |
| South node | ♐︎ Sagittarius 23°53' | -Direct | — | — |
Full aspects · 32
- Moon Trine Jupiter0.1°
- Mercury Conjunction Neptune0.2°
- Pluto Semi square Chiron0.3°
- Sun Semi sextile Venus0.3°
- Mercury Sextile Lilith0.7°
- Venus Semi sextile North node0.8°
- Uranus Sesquiquadrate Pluto0.8°
- Neptune Sextile Lilith0.9°
- Pluto Sextile Lilith0.9°
- Sun Conjunction North node1.1°
- Uranus Square Chiron1.1°
- Uranus Trine North node1.2°
- Mars Square Saturn1.3°
- Mercury Semi square Chiron1.3°
- Neptune Semi square Chiron1.5°
- Mercury Conjunction Pluto1.6°
- Sun Sesquiquadrate Jupiter1.8°
- Neptune Conjunction Pluto1.8°
- Venus Square Uranus2.0°
- Sun Trine Uranus2.3°
- Venus Conjunction Chiron3.1°
- Sun Sextile Saturn4.0°
- Mars Opposition Neptune4.8°
- Jupiter Trine Pluto4.9°
- Mercury Opposition Mars5.0°
- Moon Conjunction Pluto5.0°
- Venus Trine Mars5.6°
- Mars Trine Lilith5.7°
- Jupiter Opposition Lilith5.8°
- Mars Opposition Pluto6.5°
- Moon Conjunction Mercury6.6°
- Moon Conjunction Neptune6.8°
Chart patterns
House system: placidus · Birth time: estimated · Angles not used
Transits
Lifetime cosmic weather & power windows
Birth time unknown: the transits below are Sun and planet-to-planet only, never Ascendant, Midheaven, house, or Moon placements.
- 1910s1 EVENTS
Stan Laurel and Mae Dahlberg begin a relationship
Wikidata P451 claim on Q72869, P580 start time qualifier at year precision.
Personal year 6 · Pinnacle 11
No dated transit window covers this date in Stan Laurel's chart.
A quiet chart is a reading, not a gap.
- 1920s3 EVENTS
- 6 QUIET YEARS
Stan Laurel and Mae Dahlberg end their relationship
Wikidata P451 claim on Q72869, P582 end time qualifier at year precision.
Personal year 3 · Pinnacle 6
No dated transit window covers this date in Stan Laurel's chart.
A quiet chart is a reading, not a gap.
Stan Laurel and Lois Neilson marry
Personal year 22 · Pinnacle 6
Editorial note · Neptune sextile Sun
Neptune formed an exact sextile to his Sun 209 days after the marriage, marking an idealistic period that deepened his romantic hopes within the new union.
Stan Laurel's chart on the wedding day, 1926Collapse
Feb 14Aug 13Feb 9Feb 14, 1926 – Feb 9, 1927 · 360 days
Birth time estimated · Sun, Mercury, Venus and Mars contacts only
- Neptune sextile Sunslow
- Uranus trine Marsslow
Moon, Ascendant and Midheaven contacts are not shown for Stan Laurel, and no house is named — those depend on a birth time recorded to the minute, and this one is an estimate.
Putting Pants on Philip is released
The first film in which the two are billed as a team rather than sharing a cast list.Source (opens in new tab)
Personal year 5 · Pinnacle 6
Editorial note · Uranus trine Mars
Uranus formed a trine to Mars 38 days before the film's release, marking an energized window of creative momentum that primed their iconic comedic partnership.
Stan Laurel's chart on when the collaboration began, 1927Collapse
Oct 22Dec 3Jan 14Oct 22, 1927 – Jan 14, 1928 · 84 days
Birth time estimated · Sun, Mercury, Venus and Mars contacts only
- Uranus trine Marsslow
- Neptune square Marsslow
- Jupiter square Sunfast
- Jupiter trine Venusfast
Moon, Ascendant and Midheaven contacts are not shown for Stan Laurel, and no house is named — those depend on a birth time recorded to the minute, and this one is an estimate.
- 1930s5 EVENTS
- 5 QUIET YEARS
The Music Box wins the first short film Oscar
The Academy Award for Best Live Action Short Film is awarded for the first time, to the pair carrying a piano up a staircase.Source (opens in new tab)
Personal year 1 · Pinnacle 6
Editorial note · Saturn sextile Mars
Saturn sextile Mars peaked six days after the Oscar win, affirming the disciplined physical comedy that earned lasting industry respect.
Stan Laurel's chart on award day, 1932Collapse
Jul 21Nov 18Mar 18Jul 21, 1932 – Mar 18, 1933 · 240 days
Birth time estimated · Sun, Mercury, Venus and Mars contacts only
- Chiron sextile Venusslow
- Saturn sextile Marsslow
- Pluto conjunction Venusslow
Moon, Ascendant and Midheaven contacts are not shown for Stan Laurel, and no house is named — those depend on a birth time recorded to the minute, and this one is an estimate.
Stan Laurel and Lois Neilson divorce
Personal year 3 · Pinnacle 6
Editorial note · Pluto conjunction Venus
Pluto conjoined Venus 244 days after the divorce, marking a period of intense emotional rebirth and deep relationship restructuring in its wake.
Stan Laurel's chart on the day of the divorce, 1934Collapse
Apr 14Oct 11Apr 9Apr 14, 1934 – Apr 9, 1935 · 360 days
Birth time estimated · Sun, Mercury, Venus and Mars contacts only
- Pluto conjunction Venusslow
Moon, Ascendant and Midheaven contacts are not shown for Stan Laurel, and no house is named — those depend on a birth time recorded to the minute, and this one is an estimate.
Stan Laurel and Ruth Rogers marry
Wikidata P26 claim on Q72869, P580 start time qualifier at year precision.
Personal year 22 · Pinnacle 6
No dated transit window covers this date in Stan Laurel's chart.
A quiet chart is a reading, not a gap.
Stan Laurel and Ruth Rogers divorce
Wikidata P26 claim on Q72869, P582 end time qualifier at year precision.
Personal year 6 · Pinnacle 6
No dated transit window covers this date in Stan Laurel's chart.
A quiet chart is a reading, not a gap.
Stan Laurel and Vera Ivanova Shuvalova marry
Personal year 7 · Pinnacle 6
Editorial note · Chiron conjunction Sun
Sixty days after their wedding, Chiron conjunct the Sun highlighted deep personal vulnerabilities and healing within Laurel's new marital identity.
Stan Laurel's chart on the wedding day, 1938Collapse
Oct 14Jan 1Mar 21Oct 14, 1937 – Mar 21, 1938 · 158 days
Birth time estimated · Sun, Mercury, Venus and Mars contacts only
- Saturn trine Marsslow
- Pluto trine Marsslow
- Chiron conjunction Sunslow
- North Node opposition Mercuryfast
Moon, Ascendant and Midheaven contacts are not shown for Stan Laurel, and no house is named — those depend on a birth time recorded to the minute, and this one is an estimate.
- 1940s4 EVENTS
Stan Laurel and Vera Ivanova Shuvalova divorce
Wikidata P26 claim on Q72869, P582 end time qualifier at year precision.
Personal year 9 · Pinnacle 6
No dated transit window covers this date in Stan Laurel's chart.
A quiet chart is a reading, not a gap.
Stan Laurel and Ruth Rogers marry
Wikidata P26 claim on Q72869, P580 start time qualifier at year precision.
Personal year 1 · Pinnacle 6
No dated transit window covers this date in Stan Laurel's chart.
A quiet chart is a reading, not a gap.
- 5 QUIET YEARS
Stan Laurel and Ruth Rogers divorce
Wikidata P26 claim on Q72869, P582 end time qualifier at year precision.
Personal year 6 · Pinnacle 6
No dated transit window covers this date in Stan Laurel's chart.
A quiet chart is a reading, not a gap.
Stan Laurel and Ida K. Laurel marry
Personal year 6 · Pinnacle 6
Editorial note · Neptune trine Mercury
Forty-two days after their wedding, Neptune trine Mercury reflected an idealizing, poetic glow settling over their new communication and shared life.
Stan Laurel's chart on the wedding day, 1946Collapse
Mar 25May 6Jun 17Mar 25 – Jun 17, 1946 · 84 days
Birth time estimated · Sun, Mercury, Venus and Mars contacts only
- Neptune trine Mercuryslow
Moon, Ascendant and Midheaven contacts are not shown for Stan Laurel, and no house is named — those depend on a birth time recorded to the minute, and this one is an estimate.
- 1960s2 EVENTS
- 14 QUIET YEARS
32nd Academy Awards
Personal year 2 · Pinnacle 6
Editorial note · North Node square Sun
Fifty-three days before the ceremony, the North Node squaring the Sun marked a tense realignment of destiny and creative identity that framed this major awards milestone.
Stan Laurel's chart on award day, 1960Collapse
Oct 8Apr 4Sep 30Oct 8, 1959 – Sep 30, 1960 · 358 days
Birth time estimated · Sun, Mercury, Venus and Mars contacts only
- Pluto square Mercuryslow
- North Node sextile Venusfast
- North Node square Sunfast
Moon, Ascendant and Midheaven contacts are not shown for Stan Laurel, and no house is named — those depend on a birth time recorded to the minute, and this one is an estimate.
- 5 QUIET YEARS
Stan Laurel dies
Personal year 7 · Pinnacle 6
Editorial note · Saturn square Mercury
Saturn squared Mercury 16 days before his death, marking a somber period of failing physical vitality and quiet mental retreat.
Stan Laurel's chart on the day of death, 1965Collapse
Jan 24Feb 23Mar 25Jan 24 – Mar 25, 1965 · 60 days
Birth time estimated · Sun, Mercury, Venus and Mars contacts only
- Saturn square Mercuryslow
Moon, Ascendant and Midheaven contacts are not shown for Stan Laurel, and no house is named — those depend on a birth time recorded to the minute, and this one is an estimate.
Human Design
Manifesting Generator with Emotional Authority
His 3/5 profile provided the trial-and-error experimentation needed to invent and refine elaborate comedic set pieces.
Human Design snapshot
The Right Angle Cross of Eden
Full Human Design readingCollapse
Centers · 4 defined / 5 open
| Centre | State | What it governs |
|---|---|---|
| Head | Open | — |
| Ajna | Open | — |
| Throat | Defined | — |
| G identity | Defined | — |
| Heart will | Open | — |
| Sacral | Defined | — |
| Solar plexus | Defined | — |
| Spleen | Open | — |
| Root | Open | — |
Chart properties
Signature
When the strategy is working
—
Not-self theme
When it isn't
—
Personality activations · 10
| Planet | Gate.Line |
|---|---|
| ☉︎ Sun | 12.3 |
| · Earth | 11.3 |
| ☽︎ Moon | 35.1 |
| ☿︎ Mercury | 20.6 |
| ♀︎ Venus | 62.5 |
| ♂︎ Mars | 34.1 |
| ♃︎ Jupiter | 19.5 |
| ♄︎ Saturn | 29.5 |
| ♅︎ Uranus | 32.3 |
| ♇︎ Pluto | 16.2 |
Design activations · 12
| Planet | Gate.Line |
|---|---|
| ☉︎ Sun | 36.5 |
| · Earth | 6.5 |
| ☽︎ Moon | 19.6 |
| ☊ North node | 15.1 |
| ☋ South node | 10.1 |
| ☿︎ Mercury | 37.2 |
| ♀︎ Venus | 25.6 |
| ♂︎ Mars | 9.1 |
| ♃︎ Jupiter | 41.3 |
| ♄︎ Saturn | 29.5 |
| ♅︎ Uranus | 32.6 |
| ♆︎ Neptune | 20.3 |
Defined channels · 4
Centres and channels derive from the combined design (88° solar arc pre-birth) and personality (natal) gate set; lines come from planetary longitude.
Gene Keys
Gene Key 12 Life's Work
Transitioning from Vanity to Discrimination, this placement mirrors his sharp editorial eye for comedic subtlety.
Gene Keys snapshot
Full Gene Keys readingCollapse
Hologenetic Profile
Activation Sequence
| Sphere | Key | Shadow → Gift → Siddhi |
|---|---|---|
| Life's Work | Gene Key 12 Conscious Sun | |
| Evolution | Gene Key 11 Conscious Earth | |
| Radiance | Gene Key 36 Unconscious Sun | |
| Purpose | Gene Key 6 Unconscious Earth |
Venus Sequence
| Sphere | Key | Shadow → Gift → Siddhi |
|---|---|---|
| Attraction | Gene Key 19 | |
| IQ | Gene Key 62 | |
| EQ | Gene Key 34 | |
| SQ | Gene Key 25 |
Pearl Sequence
| Sphere | Key | Shadow → Gift → Siddhi |
|---|---|---|
| Vocation | Gene Key 9 | |
| Culture | Gene Key 41 | |
| Pearl | Gene Key 19 |
Rings, codons & partners
Gene Keys derive from the same combined design (88 days pre-birth) and personality (natal) gate set as Human Design, read through the shadow → gift → siddhi spectrum rather than defined/undefined centres.
Vedic Nakshatras
Sidereal lunar mansions & dashas
Vedic Nakshatras snapshot
Full Vedic readingCollapse
Nakshatra placements · 14
● shown in snapshot · scrolls →
| Body | Nakshatra | Pada | Sidereal | Ruler | Deity | Animal |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Neptune | Rohini | 1 | Taurus 12° | Moon | Brahma | Male Serpent |
| Mercury | Rohini | 1 | Taurus 12° | Moon | Brahma | Male Serpent |
| Pluto | Rohini | 2 | Taurus 14° | Moon | Brahma | Male Serpent |
| ● Moon | Rohini | 3 | Taurus 19° | Moon | Brahma | Male Serpent |
| North node | Mrigashira | 3 | Gemini 1° | Mars | Soma | Female Serpent |
| Sun | Mrigashira | 3 | Gemini 2° | Mars | Soma | Female Serpent |
| Chiron | Punarvasu | 3 | Gemini 29° | Jupiter | Aditi | Female Cat |
| Ascendant | Punarvasu | 4 | Cancer 0° | Jupiter | Aditi | Female Cat |
| Venus | Punarvasu | 4 | Cancer 2° | Jupiter | Aditi | Female Cat |
| Lilith | Pushya | 4 | Cancer 13° | Saturn | Brihaspati | Male Goat |
| Saturn | Magha | 2 | Leo 6° | Ketu | Pitris | Male Rat |
| Uranus | Chitra | 3 | Libra 0° | Mars | Tvashtar | Female Tiger |
| Mars | Anuradha | 2 | Scorpio 7° | Saturn | Mitra | Female Deer |
| Jupiter | Shravana | 3 | Capricorn 19° | Moon | Vishnu | Female Monkey |
Maha Dasha timeline · 9
| Ruler | Span | Flag |
|---|---|---|
| Moon | Jun 16, 1890 → Apr 27, 1893 | - |
| Mars | Apr 27, 1893 → Apr 27, 1900 | - |
| Rahu | Apr 27, 1900 → Apr 27, 1918 | - |
| Jupiter | Apr 27, 1918 → Apr 27, 1934 | - |
| Saturn | Apr 27, 1934 → Apr 27, 1953 | - |
| Mercury | Apr 27, 1953 → Apr 27, 1970 | Now |
| Ketu | Apr 27, 1970 → Apr 27, 1977 | - |
| Venus | Apr 27, 1977 → Apr 27, 1997 | - |
| Sun | Apr 27, 1997 → Apr 27, 2003 | - |
Antardashas within Mercury
Sub-periods exist only for the running maha dasha; the other eight rows carry none by design, so they show none.
| Ruler | Span |
|---|---|
| Mercury | Apr 27, 1953 → Sep 23, 1955 |
| Ketu | Sep 23, 1955 → Sep 19, 1956 |
| Venus | Sep 19, 1956 → Jul 21, 1959 |
| Sun | Jul 21, 1959 → May 27, 1960 |
| Moon | May 27, 1960 → Oct 26, 1961 |
| Mars | Oct 26, 1961 → Oct 23, 1962 |
| Rahu | Oct 23, 1962 → May 12, 1965 |
| Jupiter | May 12, 1965 → Aug 17, 1967 |
| Saturn | Aug 17, 1967 → Apr 27, 1970 |
Ayanamsa: 22.3273 · Dasha system: Vimshottari · Ascendant nakshatra omitted: no trusted birth time
Mayan Tzolkin
Kin 168 · Red Moon · Crystal
Mayan Tzolkin snapshot
Muluc · Crystal tone
Full Mayan Tzolkin readingCollapse
●Seal & tone
Oracle relations
Guide: not recorded for this kin.
Kin from birth date against the 260-day count, Dreamspell correlation · Seal = kin mod 20, tone = kin mod 13
Numerology
The Master Number 22 reflects a capacity to construct a lasting artistic legacy through disciplined physical comedy.
Numerology snapshot
Full Numerology readingCollapse
Core numbers
Chinese Zodiac
Metal Tiger
The Metal Tiger provided bold creative focus and intense dedication behind the camera.
Chinese Zodiac snapshot
The hour pillar and secret animal need a recorded birth time, so they aren't shown.
Full Chinese Zodiac readingCollapse
| Pillar | Stem | Branch |
|---|---|---|
| Year | 庚 | 寅 |
| Month | 壬 | 午 |
| Day | 戊 | 子 |
Day master
戊 anchors this Four Pillars reading: the Day pillar's Heavenly Stem, and the one value here that never depends on a recorded birth time.
Inner animals
Year, month and day pillars need only the birth date.
Tarot Birth Cards
The Emperor
Tarot Birth Cards snapshot
Full Tarot readingCollapse
The reduction
| Card | Title | Keywords | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| ● Personality & Soul | The Emperor | authority, structure, control, stability | Order imposed through discipline and leadership — the architecture that lets things last. |
Year card for 2026 · turns over 1 Jan 2027
Birth-date reduction against the 22 Major Arcana; year card recomputed for the current calendar year at each rebuild
Arabic Parts
Lots, formulas & sensitive points
Arabic Parts snapshot
Full Arabic Parts readingCollapse
Lots on the wheel
Lots · 8
Houses aren't shown for this chart because the birth time is estimated.
The body and worldly fortune; where material and emotional well-being converge. Reveals how you attract abundance and physical vitality.
The mind and spiritual purpose; the inverse of Fortune. Reveals conscious intent, vocation, and the soul's directional momentum.
Triumph through sustained effort; favorable outcomes earned by aligning ambition with discipline and structure.
Binding obligation and fated constraint; the circumstances that must be endured or worked through rather than chosen.
Reckoning and karmic consequence; the area of life where past choices return to be faced directly.
Desire, passion, and erotic magnetism; where attraction and creative drive merge. Reveals the nature of what you most deeply crave.
Partnership destiny and the nature of committed bonds; reveals the quality and karma of your most significant unions.
Boldness, daring, and the warrior spirit; where you find the nerve to act and the audacity to lead.
Sabian Symbols
A gardener trimming large palm trees
This Gemini degree highlights the deliberate pruning and structural editing Laurel applied to every cinematic gag.
Sabian Symbols snapshot
Sun · Gemini 24°60'
A gardener trimming large palm trees
Full Sabian readingCollapse
Feng Shui
Kua 1
Feng Shui snapshot
Favorable: Southeast, East, South, North
Full Feng Shui readingCollapse
Supportive directions
Directions to avoid
Eight Mansions (Ba Zhai) method · Kua number from birth year and gender
The Sage
Ask the Sage about Stan Laurel
The Sage reads every placement on this page in context. Ask what Stan Laurel's chart means, or bring your own.
Begin your journeyQuestions about Stan Laurel's birth chart
What is Stan Laurel's zodiac sign?
Stan Laurel's Sun sign is Gemini.
When was Stan Laurel born?
Stan Laurel was born on Jun 16, 1890.
How reliable is this birth data?
This chart carries a Rodden rating of X: the standard scale astrologers use to grade how well-documented a birth time is. No birth time on record, so houses and the rising sign are not shown.
Stan Laurel compatibility: pairings with other charts
Famous people connected to Stan Laurel
More famous Geminis
/famous-geminis →
Sources
Sources & further reading
Birth data
Photo: Photo: US Department of Agriculture / Wikimedia Commons (Public domain) · Public Domain